Thus, many scientists believe that zero was a discovery made in India as a number in its own right. Discovered in AD 1881, the scroll was assumed to have been a contemporary of the symbol found in the temple in Gwalior, but modern carbon dating reveals its origin in the third or fourth century. The numeral can also be seen on an ancient Indian scroll called the “Bhakehali Manuscript”. According to the University of Oxford, this is the oldest recorded example of zero as a numeral. A circle inscribed on a temple wall in Gwalior in India dates back to the ninth century. But the acceptance of zero, being a number in its own right, with a value of nothing that preceded the number 1 that concept seems to have been suggested by Hindu astronomer and mathematician Brahmagupta, only in AD 628. The concept of zero being a digit had prevailed since Sumerian and later, Babylonian times. In the AD year numbering system, AD 1 is immediately preceded by 1 BC, with nothing in between them (i.e. Thus, the Gregorian Reform practically made all those living at the time ten days older, one day later! To reinstate the correlation, the Gregorian Reform advanced the date by 10 days: Thursday, Octowas followed by Friday, October 15, 1582. This date was essential to the Christian churches because it was fundamental to the calculation of the Easter celebration. In addition, in the years since the First Council of Nicaea, in AD 325, the excess leap days introduced by the Julian algorithm had caused the calendar to drift such that the spring equinox in the northern hemisphere was occurring well before its nominal March 21st date. The Gregorian Reform shortened the average (calendar) year by 0.0075 days to stop the drift of the calendar with reference to the equinoxes. Firstly, the Julian calendar assumed incorrectly that the average solar year is exactly 365.25 days long, an overestimate of a little under one day per century. If you feel your life is out of balance, go outside and look to the south-southeast after the sky is sufficiently dark and use the orange-red star of Antares to guide you to Libra the Scales.There were two reasons to establish the Gregorian calendar. For a bit of trivia, the word zoo is derived from zodiac. Acting on advice by Alexandrian astronomer Sosigenes, Caesar did this to make up for the fact that the Earth's year is slightly more than 365 days. The predominance of animals gives us the name zodiac. Within the zodiac there are 8 ½ animals and 4 ½ humans in the zodiac. Antares is a red giant star so perhaps over time its brightness has increased – who knows? You can find the southern claw residing half way between Spica to its west and Antares to its east. Zubenelgenubi is only slightly less bright than its northern companion. The Greek astronomer Eratosthenes (276 BC – 194 BC) reportedly used this star to measure the size of the Earth indicating it was brighter than the star Antares to its east. The two brightest stars of Libra are still called the Northern Claw (Zubeneschamali) and Southern Claw (Zubenelgenubi). Either way, it is the scales and not Julius Caesar nor Astraea that survives today. The constellation was later associated with the scales held by Astraea, goddess of justice. of literary giants who have included astronomical references in their works. It was originally intended to represent Caesar holding a balance, symbolizing his just ways. In Act 3, Scene 1 of Julius Caesar Shakespeare has his hero say:. The Romans, during the time of Julius Caesar, created a new constellation to represent the scales of justice in the sky and in doing so, they had to declaw Scorpius. In ancient times, Libra was part of the constellation Scorpius the Scorpion. It is unique among the constellations of the zodiac in that it represents an inanimate object in the zoo of the zodiac constellations. The box-like figure of Libra represents “scales” or “balance” and is often associated with justice and law. Libra is a faint zodiacal constellation lying in a sparsely populated region just northwest of the summer constellation Scorpius.
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